Abstract: New diamide insecticides have been widely used to safeguard rice production. Chilo suppressalis (Walker), as a rice striped stem borer that harms rice production, has developed resistance to this type of insecticide. Further study on the molecular mechanism of resistance can provide technical support for the rapid detection of resistance and green control of C. suppressalis. Based on the current situation in resistance of C. suppressalis to diamide insecticides, the latest research advances in the resistance molecular mechanisms are summarized, including the overexpression of detoxification enzyme and transport genes mediated metabolic resistance and mutations of the ryanodine receptor gene mediated target resistance. The current existing issues in this research area mainly focus on the molecular detection of resistance, the identification of new resistance genes, the function and regulatory network of resistance genes, and the mechanism of multiple resistance. Future development directions have been prospected including resistance detection in the pest population by high throughput sequencing technology, identification of new resistance genes and resistance regulation networks for conformation of multiple resistance mechanisms using multi-omics technology, further functional verification of resistance genes by reverse genetics tools combined with radioligand binding analysis and electrophysiological technique, dsRNA transgenic crops targeting resistance genes, nano insecticides, and selective new chemical insecticides to reduce insecticides application and improve the efficiency of insecticides.