Abstract: Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a class of important cation channels on the cell membrane that participate in the formation of sensory functions such as insect vision, olfaction, temperature perception, hearing, and mechanical sensation. The transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels constitute a subfamily within the TRP family, with the protein complex encoded by the nanchung (Nan) and inactive (Iav) genes serving as molecular targets for insecticides such as pymetrozine, afidopyropen, and prifluquinazon. Studies have shown that the mechanism of action of TRPV channel modulators differs from traditional neuroactive insecticides, for example, pymetrozine and prifluquinazon inhibit the feeding behavior of Myzus persicae, pymetrozine induces unique poisoning symptoms in Locusta migratoria by acting on the chordotonal organs of insects, causing the hindlegs to lift and stretch, pymetrozine and prifluquinazon affect the gravity and auditory sensation of Drosophila melanogaster, disrupting its normal negative geotaxis behavior, pymetrozine interferes with the reproductive behavior of Nilaparvata lugens and Drosophila melanogaster, effectively inhibiting the population size of their offspring, thus exhibiting a prolonged efficacy. Field populations of N. lugens in China have developed moderate to high levels of resistance to pymetrozine, while resistance levels in Sogatella furcifera and Laodelphax striatellus are lower but increasing annually; Bemisia tabaci exhibits relatively low resistance levels to pymetrozine and afidopyropen Members of the cytochrome P450 family such as CYP6CS1, CYP6CM1 and CYP6CW1 were involved in metabolic resistance of current pests to pymetrozine. However, resistance to the targets of TRPV channel modulators in pests has not yet been identified. This paper systematically elaborates on the discovery, toxicological mechanism, resistance status, fitness costs, and resistance mechanism of TRPV channel modulators, this can provide reference for the in-depth research and scientific use of this class of compounds.