Research progress on spray drift of droplets of plant protection machainery
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摘要: 中国农药产品80%以上通过喷雾方式施用，药液从喷头到靶标作物过程中产生的随风飘移和蒸发飘移是农药造成人畜健康风险、生态环境破坏的重要因素之一。随着航空施药技术的发展，解决或减少喷雾雾滴飘移的问题成为施药技术研究的重点和热点。基于此，本文分别从喷雾雾滴 (尺寸分布、黏度、表面张力、蒸气压、挥发性、密度等)、喷雾模式 (喷头类型、喷雾速度和高度、喷施方法) 和外界条件 (风速、风向、温度、湿度、气流等环境条件和操作人员技术水平等) 等方面系统分析了产生雾滴飘移的主要原因；同时详细综述了采用田间试验、室内试验、计算机模拟及新型测试技术测定喷雾雾滴飘移的优点及局限性，针对植保无人飞机施药，提出应通过室内测定、田间试验与计算机模拟相结合的方式开展雾滴飘移研究。在此基础上分析并总结了从改变雾滴的运动方式、理化性质等方面直接控制和从田间布局间接控制的喷雾雾滴飘移风险控制技术。Abstract: More than 80% of pesticide formulations are used in plant protection by spraying in China. The spraying drift, including wind drift and evaporation drift, caused by the spraying liquid from the nozzle to the target crop is one of the important factors that pesticides cause human and animal health risks and ecological damage. With the pesticide application technology system shifting from grounded-based application to ground-based and aviation application in China, spray drift has become the focus and hot spot of application technology research. In order to better understand the spray drift, including spray droplets (size distribution, viscosity, surface tension, vapor pressure, volatility, density, etc.), spray pattern(nozzle type, spray speed and height, spray method) and external conditions(wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity, airflow and operator technical level, etc.) are systematically analyzed in this article. Meanwhile, the advantages and shortcomings of spray drift determination methods like field tests, indoor tests, computer simulation and new testing techniques are reviewed in detail, and proposed that the study of spray drift for plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle should be carried out combining indoor determination, field tests and computer simulation together. Furthermore, the risk control techniques of spray drift are analyzed and summarized, which are directly controlled by changing the movement mode and physicochemical properties of spray droplets and indirectly controlled by field layout.
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图 12 搭建不同收集线的风洞试验系统原理图[56]
注：在距离喷头2.0 m、风洞地面0.1 m的位置处间隔0.1 m垂直排列5根收集线（V1 ~ V5），用于采集喷雾云在垂直方向上的的沉积情况。 5根收集线分别距喷头0.5、0.4、0.3、0.2和0.1 m处。5根水平收集线（H1~H5）沿水平方向排列放置在距离喷头的2、3、4 、5和6 m处。
Figure 12. Wind tunnel measuring layout chart with different collector lines[56]
Note: Five collector lines (V1-V5) were positioned in a vertical array to sample vertical profile of airborne spray cloud, at 0.1 m spacing, 2.0 m downwind from static nozzle. This corresponds to nozzle heights of 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2 and 0.1 m. Five horizontal collecting – identified as H1-H5 were placed in a horizontal array at distances of respectively 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 m.
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