四种作物上登记吡唑醚菌酯单剂的水生生态风险评估

郑豪杰; 刘沁雨; 孙健; 程涵智; 曹玲; 尹晓辉; 吴长兴

doi:10.16801/j.issn.1008-7303.2021.0189

四种作物上登记吡唑醚菌酯单剂的水生生态风险评估

doi: 10.16801/j.issn.1008-7303.2021.0189

1.
浙江农林大学现代农学院浙江省农产品品质改良技术研究重点实验室，杭州 311300
2.
丽水职业技术学院，浙江丽水 323000
3.
浙江省农业科学院农产品质量安全与营养研究所，杭州 310021

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(21007060)；浙江省自然科学基金(LY14B070014).

详细信息

作者简介:
郑豪杰，2228961324@qq.com

通讯作者:
尹晓辉，yinxh@zafu.edu.cn.

中图分类号: S482.2；TQ450.26
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-07-10
- 录用日期: 2021-11-29
- 网络出版日期: 2021-12-24
- 刊出日期: 2022-04-01

Advanced risk assessment for aquatic ecology of single-dose of pyraclostrobin registered on four crops

1.
The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
2.
Lishui Vocational and Technical College, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang Province, China
3.
Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Hangzhou 310021, China

Funds: the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21007060), Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China (LY14B070014).

摘要

摘要: 通过对中国目前在水稻、小麦、柑橘和马铃薯4种作物上登记的所有吡唑醚菌酯单剂产品进行统计梳理，利用Top-Rice模型及China-Psem模型预测了其在地表水中的暴露量，评估了吡唑醚菌酯对水生生态的高级风险。结果显示：截至2021年5月，中国在4种作物上登记的吡唑醚菌酯单剂产品共25种，分为5种剂型。其中悬浮剂占比最大，为52%；其次为乳油，占20%；微囊悬浮剂、水分散粒剂及可湿性粉剂分别占16%、8%和4%。基于风险评估保守性原则，归纳出适用模型进行分析的不同剂型吡唑醚菌酯单剂产品的施用模式，对其在4种作物上使用后的暴露风险分组进行了分析。结果显示：不同剂型吡唑醚菌酯单剂在不同场景、不同季节的水稻上施用后，其预测环境浓度 (PEC) 范围为0.07~1.24 μg/L；在小麦上施用后，其PEC值范围为0.45 × 10⁻³~0.60 μg/L；在柑橘上的PEC值范围为0.03~0.76 μg/L；在马铃薯上的PEC值范围为0.01~0.94 μg/L。风险表征结果显示，在现有登记施用条件下，吡唑醚菌酯单剂按推荐方法、推荐剂量及推荐次数在4种作物上施用，其风险均可接受，但鉴于其对水生生物有较高的毒性，对水生生态系统存在一定风险，因此应谨慎控制吡唑醚菌酯在水田的施用剂量和频率。本研究针对其施药模式的分析偏保守，所得评估结果具有一定的不确定性。
- 吡唑醚菌酯 /
- 水稻 /
- 小麦 /
- 柑橘 /
- 马铃薯 /
- 水生生态系统 /
- 风险 /
- 评估 /
- Top-Rice模型 /
- China-Psem模型
Abstract: The current situation of single-dose pyraclostrobin products registered on rice, wheat, citrus and potato in China were analyzed, and the exposure concentration in surface water was predicted by using Top-Rice and China-Psem models, as well as their advanced risk to aquatic ecosystem were assessed. The results showed that as of May 2021, there were 25 formualtions of pyraclostrobin registered on four crops in China, which were divided into 5 groups. The proportion of suspension concentrate (SC) was the largest, accounting for 52%, followed by emulsifiable concentrate (EC), accounting for 20%, microcapsule suspension (CS), water dispersible granule (WG) and wettable powders (WP) accounted for 16%, 8% and 4%, respectively. The application range of different formulations of pyraclostrobin and the exposure assessment of different groups on the four crops were investigated, according to the conservative principles of risk assessment. The results showed that the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of pyraclostrobin on rice ranged from 0.07 to 1.24 μg/L in different scenarios and seasons, the predicted environmental concentration of pyraclostrobin used on wheat ranged from 0.45 × 10⁻³ to 0.60 μg/L, the predicted environmental concentration of pyraclostrobin used on citrus ranged from 0.03 to 0.76 μg/L, and the predicted environmental concentration of pyraclostrobin used on potato ranged from 0.01 to 0.94 μg/L. Under the current registered application conditions, the risk characterization showed that pyraclostrobin was used on four crops for the recommended method, dosage and number of times, the risk was acceptable. However, in view of its high toxicity to aquatic organisms, the dosage and frequency of application on paddy fields should be cautious, as it poses certain risks to aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, the analysis of its application method mode was conservative, which might be underestimeated the evaluation result in some way.
- pyraclostrobin /
- rice /
- wheat /
- citrus /
- potato /
- aquatic ecosystem /
- risk /
- assessment /
- Top-Rice model /
- China-Psem model

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图 1 吡唑醚菌酯在水稻上使用的模型预测结果

注：分组情况同表1。

Figure 1. The model prediction results of pyraclostrobin used on rice

Note: The grouping situation is the same as Table 1.

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图 4 吡唑醚菌酯在马铃薯上使用的模型预测结果

注：分组情况同表4。

Figure 4. The model prediction results of pyraclostrobin used on potato

Note: The grouping situation is the same as Table 4.

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图 2 吡唑醚菌酯在小麦上使用的模型预测结果

注：分组情况同表2。

Figure 2. The model prediction results of pyraclostrobin used on wheat

Note: The grouping situation is the same as Table 2.

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图 3 吡唑醚菌酯在柑橘上使用的模型预测结果

注：分组情况同表3。

Figure 3. The model prediction results of pyraclostrobin used on citrus

Note: The grouping situation is the same as Table 3.

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图 5 吡唑醚菌酯在水稻上使用的风险商值

注：分组情况同表1。

Figure 5. The risk quotient of pyraclostrobin used on rice

Note: The grouping situation is the same as Table 1.

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图 8 吡唑醚菌酯在马铃薯上使用的风险商值

注：分组情况同表4。

Figure 8. The risk quotient of pyraclostrobin used on potato

Note: The grouping situation is the same as Table 4.

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图 6 吡唑醚菌酯在小麦上使用的风险商值

注：分组情况同表2。

Figure 6. The risk quotient of pyraclostrobin used on wheat

Note: The grouping situation is the same as Table 2.

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图 7 吡唑醚菌酯在柑橘上使用的风险商值

注：分组情况同表3。

Figure 7. The risk quotient of pyraclostrobin used on citrus

Note: The grouping situation is the same as Table 3.

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表 1 不同剂型吡唑醚菌酯在水稻田的模拟施用量及分组

Table 1. Simulation dosage and grouping of different formulations of pyraclostrobin used on rice

剂型 Formulation	施用量范围 Applied range, a.i./ (kg/hm²)	分组 I Group I, a.i./ (kg/hm²)	分组 II Group II, a.i./ (kg/hm²)	分组 III Group III, a.i./ (kg/hm²)	分组 IV Group IV, a.i./ (kg/hm²)
微囊悬浮剂 Microcapsule suspension, CS	0.0756~0.0986	0.0986，施 2 次 Applied twice	0.0986，施 1 次 Applied once	0.0756，施 2 次 Applied twice	0.0756，施 1 次 Applied once

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表 4 不同剂型吡唑醚菌酯在马铃薯田的模拟施用量及分组

Table 4. Simulation dosage and grouping of different formulations of pyraclostrobin used on potato

剂型 Formulation	施用量范围 Applied range, a.i./(kg/hm²)	分组 I Group I, a.i./(kg/hm²)	分组 II Group II, a.i./(kg/hm²))	分组 III Group III, a.i./(kg/hm²)	分组 IV Group IV, a.i./(kg/hm²)
悬浮剂 Suspension concentrate, SC	0.075~0.15	0.15，施 3 次 Applied three times	0.15，施 1 次 Applied once	0.075，施 3 次 Applied three times	0.075，施 1 次 Applied once
微囊悬浮剂 Microcapsule suspension, CS	0.09~0.15	0.15，施 2 次 Applied twice	0.15，施 1 次 Applied once	0.09，施 2 次 Applied twice	0.09，施 1 次 Applied once
乳油 Emulsifiable concentrate, EC	0.075~0.18	0.18，施 3 次 Applied three times	0.18，施 1 次 Applied once	0.075，施 3 次 Applied three times	0.075，施 1 次 Applied once

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表 2 不同剂型吡唑醚菌酯在小麦田的模拟施用量及分组

Table 2. Simulation dosage and grouping of different formulations of pyraclostrobin used on wheat

剂型 Formulation	施用量范围 Applied range, a.i./(kg/hm²)	分组 I Group I, a.i./(kg/hm²)	分组 II Group II, a.i./(kg/hm²)	分组 III Group III, a.i./(kg/hm²)	分组 IV Group IV, a.i./(kg/hm²)
悬浮剂 Suspension concentrate, SC	0.0765~0.15	0.15，施 2 次 Applied twice	0.15，施 1 次 Applied once	0.0765，施 2 次 Applied twice	0.0765，施 1 次 Applied once
水分散粒剂 Water dispersible granule, WG	0.094~0.1125	0.1125，施 2 次 Applied twice	0.1125，施 1 次 Applied once	0.094，施 2 次 Applied twice	0.094，施 1 次 Applied once
乳油 Emulsifiable concentrate, EC	0.1125~0.15	0.15，施 2 次 Applied twice	0.15，施 1 次 Applied once	0.1125，施 2 次 Applied twice	0.1125，施 1 次 Applied once

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表 3 不同剂型吡唑醚菌酯在柑橘园的模拟施用量及分组

Table 3. Simulation dosage and grouping of different formulations of pyraclostrobinl used on citrus

剂型 Formulation	施用量范围 Applied range, a.i./(kg/hm²)	分组 I Group I, a.i./(kg/hm²)	分组 II Group II, a.i./(kg/hm²)	分组 III Group III, a.i./(kg/hm²)	分组 IV Group IV, a.i./(kg/hm²)
悬浮剂 Suspension concentrate, SC	0.18~0.36	0.36，施 3 次 Applied three times	0.36，施 1 次 Applied once	0.18，施 3 次 Applied three times	0.18，施 1 次 Applied once
乳油 Emulsifiable concentrate, EC	0.15~0.225	0.225，施 3 次 Applied three times	0.225，施 1 次 Applied once	0.15，施 3 次 Applied three times	0.15，施 1 次 Applied once
可湿性粉剂 Wettable powders, WP	0.225~0.45	0.45，施 4 次 Applied four times	0.45，施 1 次 Applied once	0.225，施 4 次 Applied four times	0.225，施 1 次 Applied once

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表 5 吡唑醚菌酯在Top-Rice模型中的输入值

Table 5. Pyraclostrobin input values into the Top-Rice model

参数　　　　　　　　 Parameter	查询参数值 Query parameter	模型输入值 Inputs values of model
摩尔质量 Molar mass/(g/mol)	387.82	387.82
水中溶解度 Solubility in water/(mg/L)	1.9, 20 ℃	1.9, 20 ℃
饱和蒸气压 Saturated vapor pressure/Pa	2.6 × 10⁻⁸, 20 ℃	2.6 × 10⁻⁸, 20 ℃
土壤有机质吸附常数 Adsorption constant of soil organic matter, K_om/(L/kg)	5396.75	5395.59^c
	5396.75^a
	5394.43^b
土壤好氧降解半衰期 Aerobic degradation half-life in soil/d, ℃	40.9 (DT_{50 lab}), 20 ℃	41.40^c, 20 ℃
土壤好氧降解半衰期 Aerobic degradation half-life in soil/d, ℃	41.9 (DT_{50 lab})^a, 20 ℃	41.40^c, 20 ℃
土壤厌氧降解半衰期 Anaerobic degradation half-life in soil/d	2, 20 ℃ 2.4, 20 ℃ 3^b, 20 ℃	2.43^c, 20 ℃
池塘水层半衰期 Half-life in the water layer of water body/d	1) 水-沉积物系统中水层降解, 2.13, 20 ℃ Degradation of the water layer in the water-sediment system, 2.13, 20 ℃	2.21^d, 20 ℃
池塘水层半衰期 Half-life in the water layer of water body/d	2) 水-沉积物系统中水层降解, 2.3, 20 ℃ Degradation of the water layer in the water-sediment system, 2.3, 20 ℃	2.21^d, 20 ℃
稻田水层半衰期 Half-life in the water layer of paddy field/d	1) 水-沉积物系统中水层降解, 2.13, 20 ℃ Degradation of the water layer in the water-sediment system, 2.13, 20 ℃	2.21^d, 20 ℃
稻田水层半衰期 Half-life in the water layer of paddy field/d	2) 水-沉积物系统中水层降解, 2.3, 20 ℃ Degradation of the water layer in the water-sediment system, 2.3, 20 ℃	2.21^d, 20 ℃
施药时期 Applied date	BBCH 20~60	BBCH 20~60^e
施药剂量 Applied dosage, a.i./(kg/hm²)	0.0756~0.0986	0.0756~0.0986^f
施药次数 Applied times	2	2^f
施药间隔 Applied interval/d	7	7^f
施药方式 Applied mode	喷雾 Spray	喷雾 Spray
施药漂移率 Applied spraydrift/%	1.16	1.16^g
注：非另外标注，表中数据均来源于EFSA报告^[24]。^a数据来源于PPDB数据库^[22]；^b数据来源于PAN数据库^[21]；^c取几何平均值，其中K_om=K_oc/1.724；^d根据相关准则^[25]，池塘水层半衰期取水-沉积物降解试验中农药在水层的消解半衰期，稻田水层半衰期取水-沉积物降解试验中农药在水层的消解半衰期；^eBBCH 代表植物生长期标准分级，用于描述植物生长阶段；^f取值可根据分组评估情况进行选择，计算时优先计算风险最大的情况 (最大推荐施药剂量、最多推荐使用次数、最短推荐施药间隔)；^g根据准则^[25]，当有资料表明施药时水稻株高≥50 cm时，漂移率可取1.16或实测值。Note: Unless otherwise noted, the data in the table were all from the EFSA report^[24]. ^aThe data come from the PPDB database^[22]. ^bThe data come from the PAN database^[21]. ^cThe geometric mean, K_om=K_oc/1.724. ^dAccording to the guidelines^[25], pond water layer half-life takes the half-life of the water layer in the water-sediment system and paddy field water layer half-life takes the half-life of the water layer in the water-sediment system). ^eBBCH represents the standard grading of plant growth period, used to describe the plant growth stage. ^fThe value can be selected according to the group evaluation situation, and the calculation will give priority to the most risky situation (the maximum recommended dosage, the maximum recommended frequency of application, and the shortest recommended application interval). ^gAccording to the guidelines^[25] when there is data showing that the rice plant height is more than 50 cm when applying the pesticide, the drift rate can be 1.16 or the actual value.

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表 6 吡唑醚菌酯在China-Psem模型中的输入值

Table 6. Pyraclostrobin input values into the China-Psem model

参数 Parameter		查询参数值 Query parameter	模型输入值 Inputs values of model
摩尔质量 Molar mass/(g/mol)		387.82	387.82
水中溶解度 Solubility in water/(mg/L)		1.9, 20 ℃	1.9, 20 ℃
饱和蒸气压 Saturated vapor pressure/torr		1.95 × 10⁻¹⁰, 20 ℃	1.95 × 10⁻¹⁰, 20 ℃
吸附系数 Sorption coefficient, K_oc/(mL/g)		9304	9302^c
		9304^a
		9300^b
土壤好氧降解半衰期 Aerobic degradation half-life in soil/d		40.9(DT_{50 lab}), 20 ℃	41.40^c, 20 ℃
土壤好氧降解半衰期 Aerobic degradation half-life in soil/d		41.9(DT_{50 lab})^a, 20 ℃	41.40^c, 20 ℃
水中光解半衰期 Aqueous photolysis half-life/d		1) 水-沉积物系统中水层降解, 2.13, 20 ℃ Degradation of the water layer in the water-sediment system, 2.13, 20 ℃	2.21^c
水中光解半衰期 Aqueous photolysis half-life/d		2) 水-沉积物系统中水层降解, 2.3, 20 ℃ Degradation of the water layer in the water-sediment system, 2.3, 20 ℃	2.21^c
水体代谢半衰期 Water column metabolism half-life/d		1) 水-沉积物系统中水层降解, 2.13, 20 ℃ Degradation of the water layer in the water-sediment system, 2.13, 20 ℃	2.14^c, 20 ℃
		2) 水-沉积物系统中水层降解, 2.3, 20 ℃ Degradation of the water layer in the water-sediment system, 2.3, 20 ℃
		3) 水体代谢, 2^a, 20 ℃ Water column metabolism half-life, 2^a, 20 ℃
底泥代谢半衰期 Benthic metabolism half-life/d		1) 水-沉积物降解试验, 28, 20 ℃ Water-sediment degradation test, 28, 20 ℃	25.54^c, 20 ℃
		2) 水-沉积物降解试验, 23.3, 20 ℃ Water-sediment degradation test, 23.3, 20 ℃
		3) 28^a, 20 ℃
水解半衰期 Hydrolysis half-life/d		30^b	30
叶面降解半衰期 Foliar degradation half-life/d		5^a	5
施药时期 Applied date	小麦 Wheat	BBCH 31~59	BBCH 31~59^d
	柑橘 Citrus	BBCH 31~39	BBCH 31~39^d
	马铃薯 Potato	BBCH 40~49	BBCH 40~49^d
施药剂量 Applied dosage, a.i./(kg/hm²)	小麦 Wheat	0.0765~0.15	0.0765~0.15^e
	柑橘 Citrus	0.15~0.45	0.15~0.45^e
	马铃薯 Potato	0.075~0.18	0.075~0.18^e
施药次数 Applied times	小麦 Wheat	2	2^e
	柑橘 Citrus	3~4	3~4^e
	马铃薯 Potato	2~3	2~3^e
施药间隔 Applied interval/d		7~10	7~10^e
施药方式 Applied mode		喷雾 Spray	喷雾 Spray
注：非另外标注，表中数据均来源于EFSA报告^[24]。^a数据来源于PPDB数据库^[22]；^b数据来源于PAN数据库^[21]；^c取几何平均值；^dBBCH 表示植物生长期标准分级，用于描述植物生长阶段；^e取值可以根据分组评估情况进行选择，计算时优先计算风险最大的情况 (最大推荐施药剂量、最多推荐使用次数、最短推荐施药间隔)。Note: Unless otherwise noted, the data in the table are all from the EFSA report^[24]. ^aThe data comes from the PPDB database^[22]. ^bThe data comes from the PAN database^[21]. ^cThe geometric mean. ^dBBCH represents the standard grading of plant growth period, used to describe the growth stage of the plant. ^eThe value can be selected according to the group evaluation situation, and the calculation will give priority to the most risky situation (the maximum recommended dosage, the maximum recommended frequency of application, and the shortest recommended application interval).

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表 7 吡唑醚菌酯对水生生态系统的效应分析

Table 7. Analysis of the effects of pyraclostrobin on aquatic ecosystem

毒性试验类型 Toxicity test type	生物分类 Biological classification	生物物种 Biological species	毒性终点 Toxicity endpoint	毒性效应终点值 EnP/(μg/L)	评估终点值 Assessment endpoint/(μg/L)	不确定性因子 UF	预测无效应浓度 PNEC/(μg/L)
中宇宙 Mesocosm	无脊椎动物、脊椎动物、初级生产者 Invertebrates, vert-ebrates, primary producer	浮游动物、大型无脊椎动物、浮游植物、锦鲤 Zooplankton, macroinvertebrates, phyt-oplankton, Cyprinus carpio	NOEC-ERO^a NOEC-ETO^a	13.8^b 0.9^b	3.52	3	1.17
注：^aNOEC-ERO 表示基于生态恢复选项的最大无效应浓度；NOEC-ETO 表示基于生态阈值选项的最大无效应浓度。^b毒性资料来源于 EFSA 报告^[24]。
Note: ^aNOEC-ERO represent the maximum no effect concentration based on ecological restoration options. NOEC-ETO represent the maximum no effect concentration based on the ecological threshold option. ^bToxicity information comes from EFSA report^[24].

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