Abstract: Pesticides, as critical inputs in agricultural production, play a significant role in controlling pests, diseases, and weeds, thereby ensuring food security. However, issues of pesticide residues remain prominent due to excessive use, misguided use, and the illegal application of banned or restricted pesticides. The colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay, based on the specific binding of antigens and antibodies, has been widely applied across various fields due to its rapidity, sensitivity, portability, and low cost. This technology has become an essential tool for ensuring the safety of fresh agricultural products and food entering the market. This review focuses on the latest research advancements in key aspects of this technology, including hapten design, antibody preparation, signal amplification through labeling, and accurate result interpretation, as well as its applications in pesticide residue detection. Furthermore, it explores the potential of this approach in developing rapid detection technologies for agricultural products and food safety.