Meta-analysis of food processing on pesticide residues in rice
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摘要: 采用荟萃分析方法探讨加工过程对大米中农药残留的影响，获得的响应比可为膳食风险评估提供加工因子。通过对多个数据库进行文献检索、数据采集、荟萃分析计算，以获得不同加工方法对大米中农药残留影响的响应比及相关参数。结果表明：单一加工方法中，脱壳、碾磨、抛光、浸泡、清洗1次、清洗2次、清洗3次、普通蒸煮和高压蒸煮的响应比分别为0.376、0.310、0.212、0.518、0.450、0.338、0.162、0.356和0.144，其中脱壳、碾磨和抛光的响应比均小于0.4，可有效降低大米中的农药残留量；随着清洗次数增加，清洗对农药残留量的去除效果增强；高压蒸煮对降低农药残留量的效果最佳；而浸泡效果较差。组合加工方法的响应比与单一加工方法响应比的乘积基本一致。所获得的响应比作为加工因子用于食品安全风险评估中，可提升大米风险评估结果的准确性，并可为大米中农药最大残留限量标准的制定以及居民安全膳食引导提供参考。Abstract: The effects of processing on pesticide residues in rice were studied by meta-analysis, and the obtained response ratios could provide processing factors for food safety risk assessment. Through literature search, data collection and meta-analysis, the response ratios and related parameters of different processing methods on pesticide residues in rice were obtained. In the single processing method, the response ratios of hulling, milling, polishing, soaking, washing once, washing twice, washing three times, ordinary cooking and high-pressure cooking were 0.376, 0.310, 0.212, 0.518, 0.450, 0.338, 0.162, 0.356 and 0.144, respectively. The hulling, milling and polishing could reduce the pesticide residues effectively with response ratios lower than 0.400. With the increase of washing times, the removal effect on pesticide residues increased. High pressure cooking had the best effect on reducing pesticide residues, while soaking had the poorest effect on pesticide residues. The pressured cooking has the best effect on reducing pesticide residue level. The response ratios of combined method basically coincided with the multiplication of the single methods. The obtained response ratios can be used as processing factors in food safety risk assessment to improve the accuracy of risk assessment results. It also provides useful references for the establishment of maximum residue limits (MRLs) and guidance of dietary safety for consumers.
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Key words:
- processing /
- rice /
- pesticide residue /
- processing factor /
- meta-analysis
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表 1 加工方法对大米中农药残留影响的研究文献
Table 1. The literatures about the effects of processing methods on pesticide residues in rice
单一加工 Single processing 工艺流程
Food processing样本数Sample
number加工对象
Processing object农药名称
Pesticide参考文献
Reference脱壳 Hulling 15 稻谷 Unhusked rice 毒死蜱、TCP、丁硫克百威、克百威、3-羟基克百威 chlorpyrifos, TCP, carbosulfan, carbofuran, 3-hydroxycarbofuran [18] 27 稻谷 Unhusked rice 乐果、毒死蜱、马拉硫磷、水胺硫磷、三唑磷 dimethoate, chlorpyrifos, malathion, isocarbophos, triazophos [19] 10 稻谷 Unhusked rice 乙酰甲胺磷、甲胺磷
acephate, methamidophos[9] 8 稻谷 Unhusked rice 毒死蜱、TCP chlorpyrifos, TCP [20] 9 稻谷 Unhusked rice 毒死蜱、三唑磷、TCP chlorpyrifos, triazophos, TCP [21] 4 稻谷 Unhusked rice 三环唑 tricyclazole [22] 12 稻谷 Unhusked rice 三唑磷、毒死蜱、丁硫克百威、氯虫苯甲酰胺 triazophos, chlorpyrifos, carbosulfan, chlorantraniliprole [10] 15 稻谷 Unhusked rice 毒死蜱、TCP、 丁硫克百威、3-羟基百克威 chlorpyrifos, TCP, carbosulfan, 3-hydroxycarbofuran [23] 碾磨 Milling 15 糙米 Brown rice 毒死蜱、TCP、丁硫克百威、克百威、3-羟基克百威 chlorpyrifos, TCP, carbosulfan, carbofuran, 3-hydroxycarbofuran [18] 9 糙米 Brown rice 毒死蜱、三唑磷、TCP chlorpyrifos, triazophos, TCP [21] 12 糙米 Brown rice 三唑磷、毒死蜱、丁硫克百威、氯虫苯甲酰胺 triazophos, chlorpyrifos, carbosulfan, chlorantraniliprole [10] 15 糙米 Brown rice 毒死蜱、TCP、丁硫克百威、3-羟基克百威 chlorpyrifos, TCP, carbosulfan, 3-hydroxycarbofuran [23] 抛光 Polishing 10 糙米 Brown rice 乙酰甲胺磷、甲胺磷 acephate, methamidophos [9] 8 糙米 Brown rice 毒死蜱、TCP chlorpyrifos, TCP [20] 4 糙米 Brown rice 三环唑 tricyclazole [22] 15 糙米 Brown rice 毒死蜱、TCP、丁硫克百威、3-羟基克百威 chlorpyrifos, TCP, carbosulfan, 3-hydroxycarbofuran [23] 浸泡 Immersing 54 大米 Rice 18种农药，具体品种见表注“a”18 kinds of pesticides listed in the table note “a” [30] 清洗1次
Washing once10 大米 Rice 乙酰甲胺磷、甲胺磷 acephate, methamidophos [9] 8 大米 Rice 毒死蜱、TCP chlorpyrifos, TCP [20] 4 大米 Rice 三环唑 tricyclazole [22] 12 大米 Rice 三唑磷、毒死蜱、丁硫克百威、氯虫苯甲酰胺 triazophos, chlorpyrifos, carbosulfan, chlorantraniliprole [10] 15 大米 Rice 毒死蜱、TCP、丁硫克百威、3-羟基克百威 chlorpyrifos, TCP, carbosulfan, 3-hydroxycarbofuran [23] 6 大米 Rice 稻瘟灵、四氟苯酞 isoprothinlane, fthalide [24] 12 大米 Rice 呋虫胺 dinotefuran [25] 6 大米 Rice 毒死蜱 chlorpyrifos [26] 6 大米 Rice 三唑磷 triazophos [27] 10 有色大米、糯米Coloured rice, Sticky rice 仲丁威、异稻瘟净、丙环唑
fenobucarb, iprobenfos, propiconazole[28] 16 大米 Rice 乙酰甲胺磷、氧乐果、三唑磷、毒死蜱 acephate, oxygen dimethoate, triazophos, chlorpyrifos [29] 3 大米 Rice 毒死蜱 chlorpyrifos [31] 123 大米 Rice 40种农药，具体品种见表注“b”40 kinds of pesticides listed in the table note “b” [33] 清洗2次
Washing twice10 大米 Rice 乙酰甲胺磷、甲胺磷 acephate, methamidophos [9] 12 大米 Rice 三唑磷、毒死蜱、丁硫克百威、氯虫苯甲酰胺 triazophos, chlorpyrifos, carbosulfan, chlorantraniliprole [10] 15 大米 Rice 毒死蜱、TCP、丁硫克百威、3-羟基克百威 chlorpyrifos, TCP, carbosulfan, 3-hydroxycarbofuran [23] 6 大米 Rice 毒死蜱 chlorpyrifos [26] 16 大米 Rice 乙酰甲胺磷、氧乐果、三唑磷、毒死蜱 acephate, oxygen dimethoate, triazophos, chlorpyrifos [29] 3 大米 Rice 毒死蜱 chlorpyrifos [31] 清洗3次
Washing three times10 大米 Rice 乙酰甲胺磷、甲胺磷 acephate, methamidophos [9] 6 大米 Rice 稻瘟灵、四氟苯酞 isoprothinlane, fthalide [24] 6 大米 Rice 毒死蜱 chlorpyrifos [26] 3 大米 Rice 毒死蜱 chlorpyrifos [31] 普通蒸煮 Cooking 10 大米 Rice 乙酰甲胺磷、甲胺磷 acephate, methamidophos [9] 8 大米 Rice 毒死蜱、TCP chlorpyrifos, TCP [20] 9 大米 Rice 毒死蜱、三唑磷、TCP chlorpyrifos, triazophos, TCP [21] 4 大米 Rice 三环唑 tricyclazole [22] 12 大米 Rice 呋虫胺 dinotefuran [25] 普通蒸煮 Cooking 6 大米 Rice 毒死蜱 chlorpyrifos [26] 6 大米 Rice 三唑磷 triazophos [27] 10 有色大米、糯米Coloured rice，Sticky rice 仲丁威、异稻瘟净、丙环唑
fenobucarb, iprobenfos, propiconazole[28] 16 大米 Rice 乙酰甲胺磷、氧乐果、三唑磷、毒死蜱 acephate, oxygen dimethoate, triazophos, chlorpyrifos [29] 54 大米 Rice 18种农药，具体品种见表注“a”18 kinds of pesticides listed in the table note “a” [30] 3 大米 Rice 毒死蜱 chlorpyrifos [31] 35 大米 Rice 林丹、狄氏剂、p, p'-DDE、p, p'-DDD、p, p'-DDT lindane, dieldrin, p, p'-DDE, p, p'-DDD, p, p'-DDT [32] 123 大米 Rice 40种农药，具体品种见表注“b”40 kinds of pesticides listed in the table note “b” [33] 369 大米 Rice 41种农药，具体品种见表注“c”41 kinds of pesticides listed in the table note “c” [34] 高压蒸煮 Pressured cooking 6 大米 Rice 三唑磷 triazophos [27] 16 大米 Rice 乙酰甲胺磷、氧乐果、三唑磷、毒死蜱acephate, oxygen dimethoate, triazophos, chlorpyrifos [29] 组合加工 Combination processing 浸泡 + 清洗1次
Immersing + Washing once12 大米 Rice 三唑磷、毒死蜱、丁硫克百威、氯虫苯甲酰胺triazophos, chlorpyrifos, carbosulfan, chlorantraniliprole [10] 16 大米 Rice 乙酰甲胺磷、氧乐果、三唑磷、毒死蜱acephate, oxygen dimethoate, triazophos, chlorpyrifos 浸泡 + 清洗1次 + 普通蒸煮
Immersing + Washing once + Cooking12 大米 Rice 三唑磷、毒死蜱、丁硫克百威、氯虫苯甲酰胺triazophos, chlorpyrifos, carbosulfan, chlorantraniliprole [10] 浸泡 + 清洗1次 + 高压蒸煮Immersing + Washing once + Pressured cooking 12 大米 Rice 三唑磷、毒死蜱、丁硫克百威、氯虫苯甲酰胺triazophos, chlorpyrifos, carbosulfan, chlorantraniliprole [10] 清洗1次 + 普通蒸煮
Washing once + Cooking12 大米 Rice 三唑磷、毒死蜱、丁硫克百威、氯虫苯甲酰胺triazophos, chlorpyrifos, carbosulfan, chlorantraniliprole [10] 15 大米 Rice 毒死蜱、TCP、丁硫克百威、3-羟基克百威chlorpyrifos, TCP, carbosulfan, 3-hydroxycarbofuran [23] 清洗1次 + 高压蒸煮
Washing once + Pressured cooking12 大米 Rice 三唑磷、毒死蜱、丁硫克百威、氯虫苯甲酰胺triazophos, chlorpyrifos, carbosulfan, chlorantraniliprole [10] 15 大米 Rice 毒死蜱、TCP、丁硫克百威、3-羟基克百威chlorpyrifos, TCP, carbosulfan, 3-hydroxycarbofuran [23] 清洗2次 + 普通蒸煮
Washing twice + Cooking12 大米 Rice 三唑磷、毒死蜱、丁硫克百威、氯虫苯甲酰胺triazophos, chlorpyrifos, carbosulfan, chlorantraniliprole [10] 15 大米 Rice 毒死蜱、TCP、丁硫克百威、3-羟基克百威chlorpyrifos, TCP, carbosulfan, 3-hydroxycarbofuran [23] 清洗2次 + 高压蒸煮
Washing twice + Pressured cooking12 大米 Rice 三唑磷、毒死蜱、丁硫克百威、氯虫苯甲酰胺triazophos, chlorpyrifos, carbosulfan, chlorantraniliprole [10] 15 大米 Rice 毒死蜱、TCP、丁硫克百威、3-羟基克百威chlorpyrifos, TCP, carbosulfan, 3-hydroxycarbofuran [23] 注：a包括五氟磺草胺、唑菌胺酯、氯虫苯甲酰胺、茚虫威、嘧菌酯、戊唑醇、甲氧虫酰肼、苯醚甲环唑、吡虫啉、丙环唑、噻嗪酮、噻呋酰胺、己唑醇、噁唑酰草胺、氟唑菌酰胺、氟环唑、氟啶虫酰胺、氰氟虫腙；b包括乙基保棉磷、除草定、西维因、克百威、杀螟丹、氯溴隆、毒虫畏、毒死蜱、醚磺隆、蝇毒磷、氯亚胺硫磷、二嗪农、百治磷、克瘟散、乙嘧硫磷、氟草隆、呋喃基苯并咪唑、异稻瘟净、马拉硫磷、噻唑隆、杀扑磷、久效磷、氧化乐果、噁草灵、砜吸磷、磷胺、辛硫磷、甲基嘧啶磷、丙环唑、残杀威、吡嘧磷、多杀菌素 A, D、苯噻氰、乙硫苯威、甲基硫菌灵、唑菌醇、野麦畏、三唑磷、三环唑、氟菌唑；c包括二嗪农、4,4-DDE、β-六氯环己烷、扑海因、γ-六氯环己烷、二苯胺、2,4-DDT、4,4-DDT、β-硫丹、α-六氯环己烷、甲霜灵、克螨特、戊唑醇、七氯、丙环唑、胡椒基丁醚、狄氏剂、溴螨酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、四氟杀螨砜、甲氰菊酯、丙烯菊酯、氟虫腈、环氧七氯、反式环氧七氯、唑菌醇、α-硫丹、甲基毒死蜱、噁草灵、敌敌畏、杀螟硫磷、甲基嘧啶磷、马拉硫磷、倍硫磷、毒死蜱、克瘟散、乐果、乙嘧硫磷、克线磷、乙硫磷、伏杀磷。Note: a includes penoxsulam, pyraclostrobin, chlorantraniliprole, indoxacarb, azoxystrobin, tebuconazole, methoxyfenozide, difenoconazole, imidacloprid, propiconazole, buprofezin, thifluzamide, hexaconazole, metamifop, fluxapyroxad, epoxiconazole, flonicamid, metaflumizo; b includes azinphos-ethyl, bromacil, carbaryl, carbofuran, cartap, chlorbromuron, chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos, cinosulfuron, coumaphos, dialifos, diazinon, dicrotophos, edifenphos, etrimfos, fluometuron, fuberidazole, iprobenfos, malathion, methabenzthiazuron, methidathion, monocrotophos, omethoate, oxadiazon, oxydemeton-methyl, phosphamidon, phoxim, primiphos-methyl, propiconazole, propoxur, pyrazophos, spinosyn A, D, TCMTB, thiobencarb, thiophanate-methyl, triadimenol, triallate, triazophos, tricyclazole, triflumizole; c includes diazinon, 4,4-DDE, beta-HCH, iprodione, gamma-HCH, diphenyl amine, 2,4-DDT, 4,4-DDT, beta-endosulfan, alpha-HCH, metalaxyl, propargite, tebuconazole, heptachlor, propiconazole, piperonyl botuxide, dieldrin, bromopropylate, lambda, cyhalothrin, tetradifon, fenpropathrin, bioalthrin, fipronil, heptachlor-exo-epoxide, heptachlor-endo-epoxide, triadimenol, alpha -endosulfan, chlorpyrifos-methyl, oxadiazon, dichlorvos, fenitrothion, pirimiphos-methyl, malathion, fenthion, chlorpyrifos, edifenphos, dimethoate, etrimfos, fenamiphos, ethion, phosalone. 
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表 2 加工方法对大米中农药残留量影响研究文献中的样本数
Table 2. The sample number in the literatures about the effects of processing methods on pesticide residues in rice
加工方法
Processing method样本数
Sample number单一加工
Single processing脱壳 Hulling 100 碾磨 Milling 51 抛光 Polishing 37 浸泡 Immersing 54 清洗1次 Washing once 231 清洗2次 Washing twice 62 清洗3次 Washing three times 25 普通蒸煮 Cooking 665 高压蒸煮 Pressured cooking 22 组合加工
Combination processing浸泡 + 清洗1次
Immersing + Washing once28 浸泡 + 清洗1次 + 普通蒸煮
Immersing + Washing once + Cooking12 浸泡 + 清洗1次 + 高压蒸煮
Immersing + Washing once + Pressured cooking12 清洗1次 + 普通蒸煮
Washing once + Cooking27 清洗1次 + 高压蒸煮
Washing once + Pressured cooking27 清洗2次 + 普通蒸煮
Washing twice + Cooking27 清洗2次 + 高压蒸煮
Washing twice + Pressured cooking27
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表 3 不同加工方法大米中农药残留量的响应比及置信区间
Table 3. Response ratio and confidence interval of pesticide residue levels in rice processed by different methods
加工方法
Processing method同质性检验
Q试验间变异
σ2加权响应比
R*95% 置信区间
95% CI99.5% 置信区间
99.5% CI单一加工
Single processing脱壳 Hulling 5436 0.109 0.376 0.332 ~ 0.425 0.315 ~ 0.448 碾磨 Milling 22415 2.411 0.310 0.280 ~ 0.344 0.268 ~ 0.360 抛光 Polishing 18841 0.765 0.212 0.132 ~ 0.342 0.107 ~ 0.421 浸泡 Immersing 112 0.019 0.518 0.480 ~ 0.558 0.465 ~ 0.577 清洗1次 Washing once 29889 0.335 0.450 0.392 ~ 0.517 0.369 ~ 0.549 清洗2次 Washing twice 14098 0.034 0.338 0.305 ~ 0.373 0.292 ~ 0.390 清洗3次 Washing three times 5450 1.772 0.162 0.056 ~ 0.470 0.035 ~ 0.747 普通蒸煮 Cooking 69692 1.829 0.356 0.296 ~ 0.428 0.274 ~ 0.463 高压蒸煮 Pressured cooking 346 1.584 0.144 0.047 ~ 0.436 0.029 ~ 0.706 组合加工Combination
processing浸泡 + 清洗1次
Immersing + Washing once293 0.475 0.283 0.171 ~ 0.470 0.137 ~ 0.585 浸泡 + 清洗1次 + 普通蒸煮
Immersing + Washing once + Cooking230 1.389 0.088 0.026 ~ 0.295 0.016 ~ 0.499 浸泡 + 清洗1次 + 高压蒸煮
Immersing + Washing once + Pressured cooking192 0.743 0.072 0.029 ~ 0.178 0.020 ~ 0.264 清洗1次 + 普通蒸煮
Washing once + Cooking1110 0.466 0.087 0.054 ~ 0.140 0.044 ~ 0.172 清洗1次 + 高压蒸煮
Washing once + Pressured cooking1004 0.785 0.038 0.021 ~ 0.070 0.016 ~ 0.091 清洗2次 + 普通蒸煮
Washing twice + Cooking1092 0.451 0.090 0.056 ~ 0.143 0.046 ~ 0.176 清洗2次 + 高压蒸煮
Washing twice + Pressured cooking719 0.765 0.031 0.017 ~ 0.057 0.013 ~ 0.074
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