Research progress of the effects and toxicology mechanisms of pesticides on bees

Pesticides play an active role in modern agricultural production. However, irrational application of pesticides may cause a negative impact on important pollinating bees. This paper mainly reviewed the research progress on the acute toxicity of pesticides to bees, the sub-lethal effects of pesticides on the growth, development, and behavior of bees, the combined effect of pesticides on bees, as well as the interaction between neonicotinoid insecticides and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of bees, mechanisms of differential toxicity of pesticide to bees, effects of pesticides on detoxification-related enzyme activity and other physiological and biochemical indexes of bees, and the role of phytochemicals in regulating the tolerance of bees to pesticides. The main purpose of this review is to provide a reference for the rational use of pesticides and improve the safety of pesticides to bees.